Circulation research
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Circulation research · May 2008
Mutations in bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor cause dysregulation of Id gene expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: implications for familial pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Heterozygous germ line mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor occur in more than 80% of patients with familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. Because inhibitors of DNA binding (Id) genes are major targets of BMP/Smad signaling, we studied the regulation of these transcription factors in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells harboring mutations in BMP type II receptor and control cells. Mutant cells demonstrated a marked deficiency in BMP4-stimulated Id1 and Id2 gene and protein expression compared with control cells. ⋯ Taken together, these findings indicate an important interaction between ERK1/2 and Smad1/5 in the regulation of Id genes. Platelet-derived growth factor, via ERK1/2, further impairs the deficiency in Smad signaling found in BMP type II receptor mutant cells. The integration of these signals at the level of Id gene expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Circulation research · May 2008
S100A8 and S100A9 mediate endotoxin-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction via the receptor for advanced glycation end products.
Cardiovascular dysfunction as a result of sepsis is the leading cause of death in the critically ill. Cardiomyocytes respond to infectious pathogens with a Toll-like receptor-initiated proinflammatory response in conjunction with a decrease in contractility, although the downstream events linking Toll-like receptor activation and reduced cardiac contractility remain to be elucidated. Using microarray analysis of cardiac tissue exposed to systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we discovered that 2 small calcium-regulating proteins (S100A8 and S100A9) are highly upregulated. ⋯ Cardiac overexpression of S100A8 and S100A9 led to a RAGE-dependent decrease in calcium flux and, in the intact mouse, to a decreased cardiac ejection fraction, whereas knockdown of S100A9 attenuated LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction. Cardiomyocytes exposed to LPS express S100A8 and S100A9, leading to a RAGE-mediated decrease in cardiomyocyte contractility. This finding provides a novel mechanistic link between circulating pathogen-associated molecular products and subsequent cardiac dysfunction.
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Circulation research · May 2008
Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening by ischemic preconditioning is probably mediated by reduction of oxidative stress rather than mitochondrial protein phosphorylation.
Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening at reperfusion is critical for cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning (IP). Some studies have implicated mitochondrial protein phosphorylation in this effect. Here we confirm that mitochondria rapidly isolated from preischemic control and IP hearts show no significant difference in calcium-mediated MPTP opening, whereas IP inhibits MPTP opening in mitochondria isolated from IP hearts following 30 minutes of global normothermic ischemia or 3 minutes of reperfusion. ⋯ In freeze-clamped hearts, changes in phosphorylation of GSK3beta, Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase were detected following ischemia and reperfusion but no IP-mediated changes correlated with MPTP inhibition or cardioprotection. However, measurement of mitochondrial protein carbonylation, a surrogate marker for oxidative stress, suggested that a reduction in mitochondrial oxidative stress at the end of ischemia and during reperfusion may account for IP-mediated inhibition of MPTP. The signaling pathways mediating this effect and maintaining it during reperfusion are discussed.
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Circulation research · May 2008
Targeted deletion of PTEN in smooth muscle cells results in vascular remodeling and recruitment of progenitor cells through induction of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha.
We previously showed that changes in vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) PTEN/Akt signaling following vascular injury are associated with increased SMC proliferation and neointima formation. In this report, we used a genetic model to deplete PTEN specifically in SMCs by crossing PTEN(LoxP/LoxP) mice to mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the SM22alpha promoter. PTEN was downregulated with increases in phosphorylated Akt in major vessels, hearts, and lungs of mutant mice. ⋯ We found SMC nuclear HIF-1alpha expression in PTEN-depleted mice and increased nuclear HIF-1alpha in PTEN-deficient SMCs. Small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of HIF-1alpha reversed SDF-1alpha induction by PTEN depletion and inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling blocked HIF-1alpha and SDF-1alpha upregulation induced by PTEN depletion. Our data show that SMC PTEN inactivation establishes an autocrine growth loop and increases progenitor cell recruitment through a HIF-1alpha-mediated SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 axis, thus identifying PTEN as a target for the inhibition of pathological vascular remodeling.