Adv Exp Med Biol
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Quantification of individual proteins and even entire proteomes is an important theme in proteomics research. Quantitative proteomics is an approach to obtain quantitative information about proteins in a sample. Compared to qualitative or semi-quantitative proteomics, this approach can provide more insight into the effects of a specific stimulus, such as a change in the expression level of a protein and its posttranslational modifications, or to a panel of proposed biomarkers in a given disease state. ⋯ As the theory and technological aspects underlying the proteomics methodologies will be extensively described in Chap. 20 , and protein identification as a prerequisite of quantification has been discussed in Chap. 17 , we will focus on the quantitative proteomics bioinformatics algorithms and software tools in this chapter. Our goal is to provide researchers and newcomers a rational framework to select suitable bioinformatics tools for data analysis, interpretation, and integration in protein quantification. Before doing so, a brief overview of quantitative proteomics is provided.
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The first step in identifying proteins from mass spectrometry based shotgun proteomics data is to infer peptides from tandem mass spectra, a task generally achieved using database search engines. In this chapter, the basic principles of database search engines are introduced with a focus on open source software, and the use of database search engines is demonstrated using the freely available SearchGUI interface. This chapter also discusses how to tackle general issues related to sequence database searching and shows how to minimize their impact.
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Several cells are endowed in the interstitial space of the connective tissue; among them, a peculiar type has been recently described and named telocyte (TC). The increasing interest on this cell type has allowed identifying it in almost all the organs. All TCs have a proper ultrastructural feature that makes them undoubtedly recognizable under the transmission electron microscope (TEM). ⋯ On the basis of their ubiquitous distribution, TCs are unanimously considered organizers of the connective tissue because of their ability to form 3-D networks. Close to this common role, numerous other roles have been attributed to the TC. Indeed, each of the TC subtype likely plays an own organ-/tissue-specific role contributing to different aspects of physiological regulation in the various anatomical niches they occupy.
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Comparative Study
Comparison of Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Cerebral Perfusion Computed Tomography in Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Brain Injury.
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and cerebral blood volume in patients with traumatic brain injury. Perfusion computed tomography of the brain was performed in 25 patients with traumatic brain injury together with simultaneous SctO2 level measurement using cerebral near-infrared oxymetry. The mean age of the injured persons was 34.5±15.6 years (range 15-65); 14 men, 11 women. ⋯ The time to peak (TTP) was 22.2±3.1 s. A statistically significant correlation was found between SctO2 level and cerebral blood volume (CBV) level (R=0.9; p<0.000001). No other significant correlations were found between brain tissue oxygenation and other parameters of brain perfusion.
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Comparative Study
Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation During Induction of General Anesthesia with Sevoflurane Versus Propofol.
Sevoflurane and propofol are widely used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Although the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on cerebral hemodynamics during maintenance of general anesthesia have been demonstrated, the effects during induction of general anesthesia have still not been clarified. We therefore compared changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygenation (CBO) during induction of anesthesia using sevoflurane (group S: n=9) or propofol (group P: n=9). ⋯ We found that oxy-Hb, total-Hb, and TOI were significantly higher in group S than in group P (P>0.05). Changes in deoxy-Hb, MBP, and HR did not differ between the groups. The results of the present study demonstrated that sevoflurane increases CBF and CBO during induction of general anesthesia.