Biomed Pap
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Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women worldwide. Mammography is considered the "gold standard" in the evaluation of the breast from an imaging perspective. Apart from mammography, ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging are being offered as adjuncts to the preoperative workup. Recently, other new modalities like positron emission tomography, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography, and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) are also being offered. However, there is still controversy over the most appropriate use of these new modalities. Based on the literature, this review evaluates the role of various modalities used in the screening and diagnosis of breast cancer. ⋯ From the literature it is clear that apropos modern radiology's impact on diagnosis, staging and patient follow-up, only one imaging technique has had a significant impact on screening asymptomatic individuals for cancer i.e.; low-dose mammography. Mammography is the only screening test proven in breast imaging. Positron emission tomography (PET) also plays an important role in staging breast cancer and monitoring treatment response. As imaging techniques improve, the role of imaging will continue to evolve with the goal remaining a decrease in breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Progress in the development and commercialisation of EIT breast imaging system will definitely help to promote other systems and applications based on the EIT and similar visualization methods. Breast ultrasound and breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are frequently used adjuncts to mammography in today's clinical practice and these techniques enhance the radiologist's ability to detect cancer and assess disease extent, which is crucial in treatment planning and staging.
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To assess the influence of gender on the course of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block following a single bolus dose of 2 x ED(95) (0.6 mg kg(-1)). ⋯ Women are more sensitive than men to the dose 0.6 mg kg(-1) of rocuronium. Under the study conditions described, the onset time was shortened and the clinical duration increased in female patients. This suggests that the routine dose of rocuronium should be reduced in women.
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Injuries to the azygos vein in a blunt chest trauma are uncommon and have previously been described in only 21 cases. The diagnosis is crucially based on massive right haemothorax with signs of shock, hypotension and altered mental status. The severity of the trauma, speed of transport and surgical intervention are often decisive for the survival of the patient. This is confirmed by the three cases we report below.