Cancer
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Liposomal amphotericin B versus the combination of fluconazole and itraconazole as prophylaxis for invasive fungal infections during induction chemotherapy for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.
Fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The authors evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) compared with a combination of fluconazole plus itraconazole (F+I) as prophylaxis in this setting. ⋯ L-AmB and F+I appear similar in their efficacy as antifungal prophylaxis during induction chemotherapy for patients with AML and MDS. L-AmB was associated with higher rates of increased serum bilirubin and creatinine levels.
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The authors conducted a series of four Phase I-II trials of high-dose and intermediate-dose docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF)-based induction chemotherapy for patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The chemotherapy regimens and response rates for each trial were published previously. In the current analysis, the authors report the data on long-term survival, patterns of failure, and morbidity among the patients who were treated at their institution. ⋯ These data suggest that docetaxel adds incrementally to the efficacy of cisplatin and fluorouracil. Local-regional failures continue to be the major impediment to cure in these patients. Given the increase in local-regional dose intensity with chemoradiation, sequential treatment plans that integrate induction chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy seem to be the logical next step.
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Although controversial, some believe that preoperative chemoradiation increases the use of sphincter-preserving surgery in low rectal carcinoma patients. This article investigates the relationship between objective tumor response and sphincter preservation in low rectal carcinoma patients. ⋯ There has been an increase in the use of sphincter-preserving surgery without an increase in pelvic disease recurrence over the past decade. Although not necessary for sphincter preservation, clinical response to preoperative chemoradiation independently contributed to sphincter-preserving surgery, particularly in patients with low rectal tumors.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone compared with single-agent L-phenylalanine mustard for patients with operable breast carcinoma and positive axillary lymph nodes: 20-year results of a Southwest Oncology Group study.
Adjuvant combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil plus vincristine and prednisone (CMFVP) was compared with single-agent L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) for the treatment of patients with axillary lymph node positive primary breast carcinoma over 20-years of follow-up. ⋯ The authors conclude that, after 20 years of follow-up, adjuvant chemotherapy with CMFVP remains superior to L-PAM for the treatment of patients with lymph node positive breast carcinoma.
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An overview of the state of genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes was presented at the Summit Meeting on Breast Cancer Among African American women. ⋯ Deleterious BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have been identified in African-American and African families. A number of unique mutations have been described, but recurrent mutations are widely dispersed and are not readily identifiable in the few families that have been tested. Access to genetic counseling and testing in a culturally sensitive research setting must remain a high priority before genetic testing can be disseminated in the community.