Cancer
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To the authors' knowledge there is little information available regarding the effectiveness of standard antiemetic therapy among cancer patients who receive emetogenic chemotherapy in clinical practice, especially in the pediatric population. The current study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of standard antiemetic interventions among children receiving emetogenic chemotherapy. ⋯ Nausea and emesis remain significant problems among children who receive emetogenic chemotherapy. CP rates were associated significantly with patient age, and higher rates were observed among very young children.
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Multicenter Study
Pathologic findings from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium: population-based outcomes in women undergoing biopsy after screening mammography.
To the authors' knowledge, a comprehensive analysis of pathology outcomes after screening mammography, as it is practiced clinically in the U.S. general population, has not been performed. ⋯ Pathologically negative lymph nodes were more prevalent in this mammographically screened population than in the overall SEER population. The prevalence of invasive carcinoma, DCIS, and benign findings presented herein establish a range of expected biopsy outcomes for women after screening mammography in the general U.S. population.
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Combined modality therapy has become the standard of care for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, yet the combined ototoxic effects of radiation and cisplatin are poorly understood. The incidence and severity of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) with combined modality therapy was evaluated and the dose-response relation between radiation and hearing loss was investigated. ⋯ There was a significant increase in risk of SNHL among patients receiving > 48 Gy, suggesting a threshold in cochlear radiation dose-response in the setting of combined modality therapy. This dose should serve as a Dmean constraint maximum for intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment of nasopharynx carcinoma.
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Comparative Study
Adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin in cancer cachexia in breast and colon cancer patients.
The hormone ghrelin and the adipocytokines leptin and adiponectin participate in body weight regulation. In response to weight loss, ghrelin and adiponectin levels increase and leptin decreases. Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic state, characterized by loss of muscle mass and adipose tissue together with anorexia. The authors hypothesized that responses of these hormones may be attenuated in cancer cachexia. ⋯ Results suggested a gender-dependent attenuation of expected physiologic responses to weight loss among cancer cachexia patients. Thus, impaired response of adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia syndrome.
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Prostate carcinoma (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is used frequently in the treatment of recurrent and metastatic PCa, rendering these men hypogonadal. Because male hypogonadism is associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile, and men with PCa have high cardiovascular mortality, the authors evaluated the effects of long-term ADT on fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, and insulin resistance. ⋯ The current data suggested that men with PCa who are receiving long-term ADT are at risk for developing insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, thus leading to their increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This adverse metabolic profile developed independent of age and BMI and appeared to be a direct result of androgen deprivation.