Clin Cancer Res
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Recent advances in biotechnology have led to discoveries resulting in major improvements in the therapy of refractory malignancies, although most advanced cancers remain incurable. Thus, there is global consensus around the need to streamline the drug approval process for effective agents. Accelerated Approval and Breakthrough Therapy Designation hold the promise of making new treatments available sooner through the use of smaller studies using intermediate endpoints. Here, we consider the inherent limitations of smaller studies and discuss the strategies for hastening oncology drug development while maintaining high-efficacy standards.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
A randomized phase II trial of multiepitope vaccination with melanoma peptides for cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells for patients with metastatic melanoma (E1602).
This multicenter randomized trial was designed to evaluate whether melanoma helper peptides augment cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to a melanoma vaccine and improve clinical outcome in patients with advanced melanoma. ⋯ Each vaccine regimen was immunogenic, but MHPs did not augment CTL responses to 12 melanoma peptides. The association of survival and immune response to 6 MHP supports further investigation of helper peptide vaccines. For patients with advanced melanoma, multipeptide vaccines should be studied in combination with other potentially synergistic active therapies.
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Genetic alterations that lead to constitutive activation of kinases are frequently observed in cancer. In many cases, the growth and survival of tumor cells rely upon an activated kinase such that inhibition of its activity is an effective anticancer therapy. ⋯ Targeting ROS1 fusion proteins with the small-molecule inhibitor crizotinib is showing promise as an effective therapy in patients with NSCLC whose tumors are positive for these genetic abnormalities. This review discusses the recent preclinical and clinical findings on ROS1 gene fusions in cancer.