J Sport Sci Med
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The purpose of the study was to investigate concussion history, knowledge, injury identification, and management strategies among athletes, coaches, and medical staff in Italian club level football (soccer) clubs. Surveys (N=727) were distributed among Italian football clubs. Athletes' surveys were designed to evaluate athlete knowledge of concussive signs and symptoms and injury reporting. ⋯ Key pointsItalian football (soccer) athletes report less than 40% of concussions. Injuries are most commonly reported to coaches, who may not be fully aware of concussive signs and symptoms. International educational measures on concussion awareness and management may be of use.
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Martial arts involvement among the youth has been described in controversial terms. Studies regarding the effects of martial arts practise on youth show contrasting images. While some refer to enhanced personal and social opportunities for those that participate, others warn against increased levels of aggressiveness and antisocial behavior among its participants. ⋯ Key pointsMany common beliefs exist about the positive and negative outcomes of martial arts practise. Studies regarding the effects of martial arts practise on youth show contrasting images. Several influential factors have to be taken into account when examining the social-psychological outcomes of martial arts practise.