Cranio
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The etiology of facial pain is multifactorial. Based on the results of a questionnaire included in the study of the 1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort, performed in 1997-98, we found an association of facial pain with subjective symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), neck pain and with occlusal factors reported by 5,696 subjects. The aim of the present study was to examine these associations clinically. ⋯ The risk for facial pain was six-fold in subjects with clinically assessed TMD, defined as moderate (DiII) or severe (DiIII) by Helkimo's clinical dysfunction index, almost six-fold in subjects with protrusion interferences and approximately three-fold in subjects with clinically assessed tenderness of distinct fibromyalgia (FM) points in the neck. According to the adjusted logistic regression analyses, TMD had the strongest influence on facial pain, followed by protrusion interferences, anamnestically reported allergies and "other headaches". The present study shows that as well as being connected with TMD, facial pain is associated with pain and muscle tenderness in the neck area.