Acta Pol Pharm
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Comparative Study
THE EFFECT OF TOTAL AND PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF INTRAVENOUS PARACETAMOL IN HUMANS.
Paracetamol is one of the most common analgesic and antipyretic drugs. Recently intravenous paracetamol has been widely used to treat moderate postoperative pain. Surgery is the main method of treatment of renal cancer. ⋯ The t1/2 after nephron sparing surgery was shorter than after total nephrectomy. Therefore, these patients may demand more frequent drug administration. In the NSS group the C. of the analgesic was considerably reduced in men.
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Application of quality by design (QbD) in high shear granulation process is critical and need to recognize the correlation between the granulation process parameters and the properties of intermediate (granules) and corresponding final product (tablets). The present work examined the influence of water amount (X,) and wet massing time (X2) as independent process variables on the critical quality attributes of granules and corresponding tablets using design of experiment (DoE) technique. A two factor, three level (32) full factorial design was performed; each of these variables was investigated at three levels to characterize their strength and interaction. ⋯ Moreover, tablet disintegration time and drug dissolution appears to be significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the two process variables. On the other hand, the relationship of process parameters with critical quality attributes of granule and final product tablet was identified and correlated. Ultimately, a judicious selection of process parameters in high shear granulation process will allow providing product of desirable quality.
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Life expectancy is a common measure of population health. Macro-perspective based on aggregated data makes it possible to approximate the impact of different levels of pharmaceutical expenditure on general population health status and is often used in cross-country comparisons. The aim of the study was to determine whether there are long-run relations between life expectancy, total healthcare expenditures, and pharmaceutical expenditures in OECD countries. ⋯ Significant positive short-term relations between pharmaceutical expenditures and life expectancies in OECD countries were found. The significant short-term effect of pharmaceutical expenditures onto life expectancy means that an increase of pharmaceutical expenditures above long-term trends would lead to a temporary increase in life expectancy above its corresponding long-term trend. However, this effect would not persist as pharmaceutical expenditures and life expectancy would converge to levels determined by the long-term trends.
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Many countries of the world including Poland, are taking actions for improving the role of the pharmacist as a health care professional. One of those is implementation of pharmaceutical care (PC), as a documented specialist medical service, which also includes pharmacist interventions, such as preparing Individual Medication Management System (IMMS), to enhance patient's adherence. Because of the chance to monitor the dosage and to detect and prevent drug problems occurrence, IMMS is thought to be an opportunity for individualized, effective and safe patient's pharmacotherapy. ⋯ Proposed dosing system also improved patient's care serving by family or carers in pharmacists' opinion (p < 0.00001). A majority of pharmacists (85.3%) indicated also that IMMS would have a positive influence on PC implementation in Poland (p < 0.00001) and 69.0% of them confirmed that this service should be refunded by the National Health Fund (p < 0.00001). According to the scale of non-compliance, implementation of IMMS as a part of PC can be a chance both for patients and their physicians to increase the safety and effectiveness of therapy and for pharmacists, who are intended to highlight their role as a part of health care system.
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Convenient access to a large variety of OTC medicines presents patients with the opportunity for the self-treatment of many health problems. Yet this also brings on other health risks, especially to the elderly. A pointed lack of information about the safety of NSAIDs has been found among lay people, but no study in the Czech Republic so far has focused on the preferences of the residents' of retirement homes for particular NSAID pain relievers and these patients' level of knowledge regarding use and safety issues. ⋯ A similar percentage (57.8%) was not aware of any adverse effects of ibuprofen, and 16% believed it had no adverse effects at all. Knowledge of drug interaction was very low--most of participants (84%) were not aware of any interactions. 58% of respondents indicated that they relied on the advice of a physician about pain relievers. Despite the fact that many of the elderly individuals surveyed suffer from pain nearly every day and ibuprofen is their preferred choice among NSAIDs, their knowledge about use and safety of ibuprofen is inadequate.