The American journal of clinical nutrition
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Although fast food consumption has been linked to adverse health outcomes, the relative contribution of fast food itself compared with the rest of the diet to these associations remains unclear. ⋯ Outside the fast food restaurant, fast food consumers ate Western diets, which might have stronger associations with overweight/obesity and poor dietary outcomes than fast food consumption itself. Our findings support the need for prospective studies and randomized trials to confirm these hypotheses.
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Weight-loss maintenance remains a major challenge in obesity treatment. ⋯ Anti-obesity drugs, meal replacements, and high-protein diets were associated with improved weight-loss maintenance after a VLCD/LCD period, whereas no significant improvements were seen for dietary supplements and exercise.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of vitamin D supplementation on antibiotic use: a randomized controlled trial.
Observational data suggested that supplementation with vitamin D could reduce risk of infection, but trial data are inconsistent. ⋯ Although this study was a post hoc analysis and statistically nonsignificant, this trial lends some support to the hypothesis that supplementation with 60,000 IU vitamin D/mo is associated with lower risk of infection, particularly in older adults. The trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (anzctr.org.au) as ACTRN12609001063202.
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The role of the Mediterranean diet among individuals with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) is uncertain. ⋯ Adherence to a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern was associated with lower all-cause mortality in individuals with CVD.
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Review Meta Analysis
A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults.
Studies of single nutrients on depression have produced inconsistent results, and they have failed to consider the complex interactions between nutrients. An increasing number of studies in recent years are investigating the association of overall dietary patterns and depression. ⋯ The results suggest that high intakes of fruit, vegetables, fish, and whole grains may be associated with a reduced depression risk. However, more high-quality randomized controlled trials and cohort studies are needed to confirm this finding, specifically the temporal sequence of this association.