Int J Clin Pharm Th
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Int J Clin Pharm Th · Dec 1999
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialSimilar motor block effects with different disposition kinetics between lidocaine and (+ or -) articaine in patients undergoing axillary brachial plexus block during day case surgery.
The aim of this investigation was to compare the clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and articaine in two groups of 15 patients undergoing axillary brachial plexus anesthesia. ⋯ For the axillary administration, lidocaine and articaine show similar pharmacodynamics with a different pharmacokinetic behavior and can therefore be used to the clinical preference for this regional anesthetic technique.
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Int J Clin Pharm Th · Dec 1999
ReviewAlternative strategies in drug development: clinical pharmacological aspects.
Due to the continuous increase in time and cost of drug development and the considerable amount of resources required by the traditional approach, companies can no longer afford to continue to late phase 3 with drugs which are unlikely to be therapeutically effective. The future challenge must be for the pharmaceutical industry to slash its research and development costs by achieving a significant cut in the attrition rate for drugs entering preclinical and clinical development, and to reduce the development time and to increase the probability of success in later clinical trials by streamlining the development processes. In the 100 years to 1995, the pharmaceutical industry worked on about 500 targets with a limited number of compounds, whereas now, using new technologies like genomics, high throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry, drug companies will see an explosion in the number of targets and leads it can explore. ⋯ The more thorough and profound studies have been carried out during this exploratory stage of development, the earlier a decision can be made on the continuation or discontinuation of further development, thus saving development time and money and assessing and considerably reducing the risk for the patients and increasing the success-rate of the project in the later confirmatory effectiveness trial. Taking responsibility as the link between research and development gives clinical pharmacology a major opportunity to assume a pivotal role in research and development of new drugs. To reach this goal, clinical pharmacology must be fully integrated in the whole process from the candidate selection to its approval.