Int J Clin Pharm Th
-
Int J Clin Pharm Th · Oct 2006
ReviewZiconotide--a novel neuron-specific calcium channel blocker for the intrathecal treatment of severe chronic pain--a short review.
Worldwide a large number of patients suffer from severe chronic pain even after treatment with opioids following the 3-step analgesic ladder developed by the WHO. Intraspinal agents, including morphine, have been tried as a fourth step. However, approximately 20% of cases remain refractory. ⋯ Following intrathecal infusion ziconotide is distributed within the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) where its clearance (0.38 ml/min) corresponds to the rate of turnover of the CSF. Negligible amounts of ziconotide are present in the systemic circulation where it is rapidly degraded by proteolysis. In conclusion, ziconotide is a new and valuable alternative analgesic for the acute and long-term treatment of severe pain, especially in patients refractory to opioids.
-
Int J Clin Pharm Th · Oct 2006
Lorazepam concentrations, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a cohort of mechanically ventilated ICU patients.
To evaluate plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lorazepam in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. ⋯ Lorazepam clearance was preserved with a wide range of concentrations. Higher concentrations were associated with deeper sedation and use of CIVS. Elevated concentrations during CIVS were attributable to administration of larger doses.