Encephale
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The use of invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation and neuromodulation technologies combined with neuroimaging approaches can help refine with causal evidence our physiopathological understanding of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Two key structures, the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) and the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) have been found dysfunctional in OCD compared to healthy volunteers and on such basis have been tested as therapeutic targets for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation therapy. ⋯ Very specifically, their relevance for OCD clinical features is discussed in extenso and its modulation with invasive and non-invasive focal brain stimulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) or transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Most importantly, this article brings new insights bridging causal evidence on the structural and functional neuroanatomy subtending OCD and novel therapeutic perspectives based on focal brain stimulation.
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First, the main objective was to describe the evolution of the representation of women at the two main conferences of psychiatry in France-Encephale and French Congress of Psychiatry-from 2009 to 2018, and to compare it to the evolution of the representation of women among French psychiatrists. Second, we aimed to describe this evolution within the themes of general psychiatry, child psychiatry and addictology and compare it to the evolution of the number of adult psychiatrists, child psychiatrists and addictologists in France, and likewise to describe this evolution within the organizing and scientific committees, chairpersons and symposia of pharmaceutical companies at these conferences. We hypothesized that women are underrepresented at French speaking psychiatry conferences and sought to quantify this. ⋯ This observation of the underrepresentation of women at French psychiatry conferences could make it possible to achieve greater equity. This count could be continued in the next few years and could raise the question of the inclusion of parity in the policy of psychiatric conferences, both among the speakers and among the scientific and organizational committees. Higher exposure of women to conferences would reduce the Matilda effect, defined by minimizing women's contribution to research.