The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology
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J. Pharm. Pharmacol. · Sep 2012
Comparative StudyInfluence of crystal form of ipratropium bromide on micronisation and aerosolisation behaviour in dry powder inhaler formulations.
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the mechanical properties of anhydrous and monohydrate ipratropium bromide (IB) crystals, their processing behaviour upon air-jet micronisation and aerosolisation performance in dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. ⋯ Monohydrate and anhydrous crystals of IB exhibited similar mechanical properties and interfacial properties upon secondary processing. As a result, the performance of the DPI formulations were similar.
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J. Pharm. Pharmacol. · Sep 2012
Comparative StudyCondensational growth of combination drug-excipient submicrometer particles for targeted high-efficiency pulmonary delivery: evaluation of formulation and delivery device.
The objective of this study was to investigate the in-vitro particle-size growth of combination drug and excipient submicrometer aerosols generated from a series of formulations and two aerosol delivery devices. ⋯ The enhanced excipient growth approach may enable the delivery of submicrometer aerosol particles that increase in size within the airways and result in high percentages of pulmonary deposition.
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J. Pharm. Pharmacol. · Aug 2012
β-Cryptoxanthin suppresses UVB-induced melanogenesis in mouse: involvement of the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and melanocyte-stimulating hormone pathways.
β-cryptoxanthin (β-CPX) is a carotenoid that is widely contained in the fruits of citrus plants. We evaluated the effect of β-CPX on UVB-induced pigmentation and mRNA expression related to melanogenesis in mouse skin. In addition, changes in melanogenic molecules were evaluated in cultured melanocytes stimulated with prostaglandin (PG) E(2), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and endothelin (ET)-1. ⋯ Oral administration of β-CPX was found to suppress UVB-induced melanogenesis. Suppression of melanogenic enzymes, receptors of melanogenic stimulators, expression and phosphorylation of CREB are thought to be involved in the mechanism.
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J. Pharm. Pharmacol. · May 2012
Involvement of inflammation in severe post-operative pain demonstrated by pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with piroxicam and ketorolac.
Post-operative pain is considered to involve inflammation caused by tissue injury. However, the mechanism and timing of the involvement of inflammation in the post-operative pain remain complicated because they can vary among different types of surgery. In this study a rat incision model was used to investigate how inflammation induced by cyclooxygenases (COXs) is involved in severe post-operative pain. ⋯ These findings suggest the involvement of cyclooxygenases in evoking pain that occurs in the immediate post-operative period, and that an initial suppression of rapid inflammation by treatment with NSAIDs before major surgery plays an important role in the management of severe post-operative pain.
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J. Pharm. Pharmacol. · Feb 2012
Effects of isoflurane on learning and memory functions of wild-type and glutamate transporter type 3 knockout mice.
General anesthetics may contribute to the post-operative cognitive dysfunction. This study was designed to determine the effects of isoflurane on the learning and memory of healthy animals or animals with a decreased brain antioxidative capacity. ⋯ These results suggest that EAAT3 knockout mice have significant cognitive impairment. Isoflurane may not significantly affect the cognition of wild-type and EAAT3 knockout mice in a delayed phase after isoflurane exposure.