Nutrition reviews
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Perioperative immune modulation using specialized enteral diets containing specific immunonutrients may improve postoperative outcomes in critically ill patients compared with standard formulas. A study from Italy involving 305 patents with histologically confirmed cancer of the gastrointestinal tract undergoing major elective surgery and preoperative weight loss < 10% demonstrated that a specialized preoperative oral formula enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA for 5 days before surgery with no nutritional support postoperatively (preoperative group) was as effective as pre- and postoperative administration of the same enriched formula (perioperative group) in decreasing the incidence of postoperative infections and length of hospital stay. Both pre- and perioperative immunonutritional strategies were superior to the conventional approach (no artificial nutrition perioperatively).
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Previous research has indicated that volatile odorants are detected through the main olfactory epithelium (MOE), whereas pheromones are detected via the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Gene disruption studies have established that olfactory signaling through the MOE is mediated through receptor stimulation of type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3). ⋯ Recently, it was discovered using olfactory-based behavioral assays that AC3 mutant mice can detect some volatile odorants. An analysis of these mutant mice led to the surprising discovery that some odorants are detected through the VNO.