Public health
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A range of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs; e.g. e-cigarettes, e-hookahs) have emerged in the US market, with rapid increases in use. While ENDSs may facilitate harm reduction in smokers, they may represent risks to health and addiction in the nicotine naïve. Vape shops account for a substantial proportion of ENDS sales/distribution. ⋯ Future research should examine multilevel factors (e.g. policies, community context, and marketing) and extend this literature to the ENDS market, particularly vape shops, which is especially relevant during the rapidly changing regulatory environment.