Brain Stimul
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Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a new, non-invasive technique being investigated as an intervention for a variety of clinical disorders, including epilepsy and depression. It is thought to exert its therapeutic effect by increasing central norepinephrine (NE) activity, but the evidence supporting this notion is limited. ⋯ These findings suggest that tVNS modulates hormonal indices but not psychophysiological indices of noradrenergic function.
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates neuronal activity and is a potential therapeutic tool for many neurological diseases. However, its beneficial effects on post cardiac arrest syndrome remains uncertain. ⋯ In this cardiac arrest rat model, repeated anodal tDCS commenced after resuscitation improves 96-h neurological outcome and survival to an extent comparable to TTM by attenuating post-resuscitation cerebral and cardiac injuries.
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To address the brain areas and circuits affected by transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), which had been used widely to treat psychiatric and neurological diseases, the stimulus-induced electric field in the cortex was calculated using a head model that reflects anatomical information. To obtain detailed information at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, multi-scale modeling was proposed that integrates the head model with multi-compartmental models of cortical neurons. ⋯ Our results indicated that cortical neurons are affected greatly by the relative direction of the stimulus-induced electric field, which may be a necessary step toward a detailed understanding of tES' potential mechanisms.
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The ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule (vALIC) is a target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Conventional surgical planning is based on anatomical landmarks. ⋯ These findings suggest that vALIC DBS for OCD may benefit from MFB-specific implantation and highlight the importance of corticolimbic connections in OCD response to DBS. Prospective investigation is necessary to validate the clinical use of MFB targeting.
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Kilohertz frequency spinal cord stimulation (kHz-SCS) deposits significantly more power in tissue compared to SCS at conventional frequencies, reflecting increased duty cycle (pulse compression). We hypothesize kHz-SCS increases local tissue temperature by joule heat, which may influence the clinical outcomes. ⋯ Tissue heating may impact short and long-term outcomes of KHZ-SCS, and even as an adjunct mechanism, suggests distinct strategies for lead position and programming optimization.