Hepatol Res
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with a high recurrence rate. Currently, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the first-line treatment for cases refractory to conventional therapies. However, the acquisition of somatic mutations can result in TKI resistance. ⋯ However, the majority of the patients remain refractory, likely due to the solid immune suppressive status, which involves many stromal cells, humoral mediators, and suppressive checkpoint molecules. Therefore, current clinical trials are focusing on how immunosuppressive conditions in HCC might be overcome using immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with different types of immune checkpoint blockades, TKIs, and other conventional treatments. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is rapidly progressing and these inhibitors are likely to be key agents for HCC treatment in the near feature.
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Liver transplantation for metastatic neuroendocrine tumor in the liver used to be the main reason for liver transplantation for metastatic liver tumor. It is reported that liver transplantation in selected patients with non-resectable metastatic neuroendocrine tumor in the liver had favorable outcomes equivalent to liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. ⋯ According to the SECA study in Oslo, liver transplantation for non-resectable colorectal liver metastasis had a high rate of recurrence but a favorable prognosis. Further discussion on patient selection, attempts at immunosuppressive therapy, and combination with chemotherapy and treatment at the time of relapse are required in order to improve the outcomes of liver transplantation for metastatic liver tumor.