Resp Res
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by multiple subtypes and variable disease progression. Blood biomarkers have been variably associated with subtype, severity, and disease progression. Just as combined clinical variables are more highly predictive of outcomes than individual clinical variables, we hypothesized that multiple biomarkers may be more informative than individual biomarkers to predict subtypes, disease severity, disease progression, and mortality. ⋯ This comprehensive analysis of two large cohorts revealed that combinations of biomarkers improve predictive value compared with clinical variables and individual biomarkers for relevant cross-sectional and longitudinal COPD outcomes.