The Medical journal of Australia
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Review
Sarcopenia: a potential cause and consequence of type 2 diabetes in Australia's ageing population?
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in Australia's older adult population. Sarcopenia, the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, quality and function, may make a significant but under-appreciated contribution to increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes. As skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue in the body, low muscle mass in sarcopenia likely results in reduced capacity for glucose disposal. ⋯ Simple assessments to diagnose sarcopenia can potentially play a role in primary and secondary prevention of type 2 diabetes in older patients. Lifestyle modification programs for older adults with type 2 diabetes, particularly for those with sarcopenia, should incorporate progressive resistance training, along with adequate intakes of protein and vitamin D, which may improve both functional and metabolic health and prevent undesirable decreases in muscle mass associated with weight loss interventions. As some older adults with type 2 diabetes have a poor response to exercise, clinicians must ensure that lifestyle modification programs are appropriately prescribed, regularly monitored and modified if necessary.
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Barrett's oesophagus is a condition characterised by partial replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus by a metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells (intestinal metaplasia). Barrett's oesophagus is important clinically because those afflicted are predisposed to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Prevalence surveys suggest that up to 2% of the population may be affected; most will be unaware of their diagnosis. ⋯ While generalised population screening for Barrett's oesophagus is not recommended, endoscopic surveillance of patients with confirmed Barrett's oesophagus is recommended, with surveillance intervals dependent on segment length and presence of dysplasia. New techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic radiofrequency ablation are now available to treat patients with dysplasia and early oesophageal adenocarcinoma. New screening and surveillance technologies are currently under investigation; these may prove cost-effective in identifying and managing patients in the community.