Minerva medica
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Chronic inflammatory responses in the lung of patients with stable mild-to-severe forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) play a central role in the definition, comprehension and monitoring of the disease state. A better understanding of the COPD pathogenesis cannot avoid a detailed knowledge of these inflammatory changes, altering the functional health of the lung during the disease progression. ⋯ The differential inflammatory distribution in large and small airways of patients is also discussed. Furthermore, relevant cellular mechanisms controlling the homeostasis and the "normal" balance of these inflammatory cells and of structural cells in the lung, such as autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis are as well presented and discussed in the context of the COPD severity.
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Review Case Reports
Beyond the lung involvement in COVID-19 patients. A review.
Since COVID-19 spread all over the world becoming a pandemic illness, researchers have better characterized route of virus transmissibility and clinical signs and symptoms of the disease. Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. ⋯ This review focuses on extra pulmonary involvement underlying atypical presentation of COVID-19. There is a great body of evidence concerning several human organ abnormalities associated to the SARS-CoV-2, enough to consider COVID-19 as a multisystemic and polyhedral disease.
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Lung cancer (LC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Common risk factors lead to an increased inflammatory response, enhances oxidative stress, and changes in lung microenvironment contributing to fine-tuned interaction between these respiratory disorders. ⋯ Better understanding LC and COPD coexistence may impact on clinical scenario influencing therapeutic approach. In this review, we describe the basis of this network and how the complex interplay between these respiratory disorders affects the clinical decision-making process.