Arch Iran Med
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An overlapping distribution of α2-adrenergic receptors with cannabinoid receptors has been reported in certain brain structures such as the dorsal hippocampus. Thus, functional interactions between cannabinoid and α2-adrenergic systems in cognitive control seem possible. In the present study, we examine the possible role of α2-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on WIN55,212-2 state-dependent learning. ⋯ Modulation of α2-adrenergic receptors in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions can influence WIN55,212-2 induced amnesia and WIN55,212-2 state-dependent learning of an inhibitory avoidance task by pre- or post-synaptic mechanism(s).
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Review
Diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism: an update a decade into the new millennium.
Venous thromboembolism refers to thrombotic events in the venous system that are most commonly manifested as deep vein thromboses in the upper or lower extremity and/or pulmonary embolism. Venous thromboembolism is a common disorder that is associated with significant mortality, morbidity and health care-related cost. ⋯ Furthermore, several novel therapeutic agents with different pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety profiles have recently become available for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. The purpose of the current paper is to review the pathogenesis and epidemiology of venous thromboembolism as well as an evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism.
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Chronic pain can be associated with limitations in patient function. Assessment of pain-related limitations is one of the important outcome domains that should be considered when designing chronic pain clinical trials. Although a validated instrument for the assessment of pain-related disability in Iranian chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients exists, to date there is no psychometrically sound instrument to measure pain-related physical disability amongst Iranian chronic pain patients suffering from pain in other parts of their bodies. ⋯ The M-RMDQ has adequate reliability and validity and can be used as a sound measure of physical disability associated with chronic pain among the Iranian population.
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Heterotopic pancreas is defined as pancreatic tissue arising ectopically with no vascular or anatomic contiguity with the pancreas proper and is believed to arise embryologically during rotation of the foregut and fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds. We report a case of gastric heterotopic pancreas presenting as an obstructive inflammatory mass with the clinical differential diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. A 54 year-old woman presented with a history of four days of severe, acute-onset abdominal pain. ⋯ The ducts were inflamed and showed marked cytologic atypia, favored to be of reactive nature. There was overlying mucosal ulceration with marked acute and chronic full-thickness gastric mural inflammatory response with abscess formation. This is the second reported case of obstructive gastric heterotopic pancreas, presenting as an inflammatory mural gastric mass.