Dtsch Arztebl Int
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Review Comparative Study
Randomized controlled trials: part 17 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications.
In clinical research, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the best way to study the safety and efficacy of new treatments. RCTs are used to answer patient-related questions and are required by governmental regulatory bodies as the basis for approval decisions. ⋯ RCTs cannot yield reliable data unless they are planned, conducted, analyzed, and reported in ways that are methodologically sound and appropriate to the question being asked. The quality of any RCT must be critically evaluated before its relevance to patient care can be considered.
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Editorial Comment
Randomized controlled trials-an indispensible part of clinical research.
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The lack of standardized pre-hospital treatment is a weak link in the care of acute stroke patients. ⋯ In the pre-hospital phase of stroke care delivery, the goal of a high capture rate can best be achieved through the use of appropriate diagnostic tests with maximal sensitivity. Patients with suspected acute stroke should be given the highest priority for transfer to a specialized stroke unit. Optimal pre-hospital care requires the smoothly functioning cooperation of all professionals involved, from the triaging and nursing personnel to the paramedics, dispatchers, emergency physicians in the field, and admitting physicians in the hospital.
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Urinary incontinence (bedwetting, enuresis) is the commonest urinary symptom in children and adolescents and can lead to major distress for the affected children and their parents. Physiological and non-physiological types of urinary incontinence are sometimes hard to tell apart in this age group. ⋯ Nocturnal enuresis has a variety of causes. The main causative factors in monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna (MEN) are an impaired ability to wake up when the bladder is full, due to impaired or absent perception of fullness during sleep, and an imbalance between bladder capacity and nocturnal urine production. On the other hand, non-monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna (non-MEN) is usually traceable to bladder dysfunction, which is also the main cause of diurnal incontinence. A basic battery of non-invasive diagnostic tests usually suffices to determine which type of incontinence is present. Further and more specific testing is indicated if an organic cause is suspected or if the treatment fails. The mainstay of treatment is urotherapy (all non-surgical and non-pharmacological therapeutic modalities). Some patients, however, will need supportive medication in addition. Urinary incontinence has different causes in children and adults and must therefore be diagnosed and treated differently as well. All physicians who treat the affected children (not just pediatricians and family doctors, but also pediatric nephrologists, urologists, pediatric surgeons, and child psychiatrists) must be aware of the specific features of urinary incontinence in childhood.
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Failure to thrive impairs children's weight gain and growth, their defenses against infection, and their psychomotor and intellectual development. ⋯ The proper treatment of failure to thrive in childhood consists of treatment of the underlying illness, combined with nutritional treatment that addresses the mechanism of the accompanying failure to thrive.