Dtsch Arztebl Int
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The gold standard for evaluating interventions in medicine and health care is the randomized controlled trial (RCT). In practice, however, RCTs may be difficult to conduct because of high costs, ethical aspects, or practical considerations. This is particularly true of studies on the population level, e.g., for the evaluation of health policy measures. ⋯ As long as all sources of bias have been avoided and the findings are both plausible and robust, the effects revealed by ITS can be interpreted as causal. ITS may serve as an alternative method for evaluating intervention effects when an RCT cannot be performed.
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According to data from the USA, the incidence of incidentally discovered pulmonary nodules is 5.8 per 1000 person-years for women and 5.2 per 1000 person-years for men. Their management as recommended in the pertinent guidelines can substantially improve clinical outcomes. More than 95% of all pulmonary nodules revealed by computed tomography (CT) are benign, but many cases are not managed in conformity with the guidelines. In this article, we summarize the appropriate clinical approach and provide an overview of the pertinent diagnostic studies and when they should be performed. ⋯ The recommendations of the guidelines for the management of incidentally discovered pulmonary nodules are intended to prevent both over- and undertreatment. If a tumor is suspected, further care should be provided by an interdisciplinary team.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with or without left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is a common primary myocardial disease, with a prevalence of 1:500. It is characterized by thickening of the myocardium. Its diagnostic evaluation includes history-taking and physical examination, genetic studies, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac MRI. When optimally treated, it carries a mortality of less than 1% per year. ⋯ Patients with HCM have a near-normal life expectancy if the disease is diagnosed early and treated according to the guidelines. The treatment of HCM and HOCM (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) have been studied in no more than a few clinical trials, and randomized studies with clinical endpoints are needed.
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Modern treatment strategies have markedly improved the chances of survival for patients with cancer. As the population ages, cancer is becoming more common, as is chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD increases the risk of cancer; conversely, cancer treatments can cause CKD. ⋯ Patients who have CKD, are on dialysis, or have undergone kidney transplantation make up a considerable fraction of persons being treated for cancer, and they need interdisciplinary treatment.
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Practice Guideline
Clinical Practice Guideline: Condylar Hyperplasia of the Mandible—Diagnosis and Treatment.
Condylar hyperplasia of the mandible is characterized by abnormal size and configuration of the condylar process. In Germany, the administrative prevalence of diagnosed and/or treated condylar hyperplasia is 2.4-9.6 cases per 100 000 persons. Misdiagnosis is common and can lead to severe esthetic and functional complications, including facial deformity that can progress into the patient's twenties, as well as dysfunctional speech and mastication. ⋯ Condylar hyperplasia is a common, but not widely known problem. Its early diagnosis and treatment can prevent severe jaw asymmetry and further complications such as craniomandibular dysfunction and arthrosis of the temporomandibular joints.