J Res Med Sci
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Premature menopause can occur in women living with human HIV. In this study, we analyzed and reviewed published literature using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases since the year 1990 using a combination of MeSH terms such as "Early," "Premature," "Menopause," "HIV," and "Hormones." Monitoring and implementation of targeted interventions for premature or early menopause among HIV-infected women might prevent or delay complications such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health issues.
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Follow-up studies have shown an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction in individuals with normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Furthermore, the possible consequences of minor differences in thyroid function (without achieving poor thyroid function) in the risk of weight gain during pregnancy are questionable, too. The production of TSH is under the hypothalamus-pituitary control, and food is one of the most effective environmental agents that control hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity. Regarding the few available studies, we assessed the association of minor variations of TSH concentrations and nutritional status in the first trimester of pregnancy. ⋯ We suggest that differences in TSH concentrations within normal range in the first trimester are correlated with gaining weight, physical activity level, and prepregnancy BMI. TSH concentration and consequently thyroid function may influence on gestational weight gain or vice versa.
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Insulin resistance (IR) is mentioned to be a disorder in insulin ability in insulin-target tissues. Skeletal muscle (SkM) and liver function are more affected by IR than other insulin target cells. SkM is the main site for the consumption of ingested glucose. ⋯ Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can improve beta-cell mass and function. Multiple studies have shown that GABA decreases IR probably via increase in glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene expression and prevention of gluconeogenesis pathway in the liver. This review focused on the general aspects of IR in skeletal muscle (SkM), liver; the cellular mechanism(s) lead to the development of IR in these organs, and the role of GABA to reduce insulin resistance.
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Extensive research in the past decades has evidenced differences in the psychomotor ability of individuals resulting from varying levels of experience, age, gender, response precision, compatibility, performance, and ability. Many studies have called for the need to identify psychomotor ability and appropriate tests that can assess it. This review article surveys the definition, categorization, and tests of psychomotor ability as well as training based on psychomotor ability in medical sciences. ⋯ The tests should be profession-specific because each profession entails its peculiar characteristics and abilities. On the other hand, the major problem in studying and analyzing underlying psychomotor skills and abilities is that the components are being investigated by researchers from varying, and usually unrelated, scientific fields. Therefore, it is necessary to have a holistic view through close interaction between the researchers of different sciences to better understand this area.