Niger J Clin Pract
-
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal malignancy in Nigeria with a dismal 5-year survival rate. Interactions between the CD8+ T-lymphocytes and the immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressions are important. Novel antibodies have been developed against these immune checkpoints and have been found to improve clinical outcome in many solid organ malignancies. ⋯ PD-L1 expression in CRC was low (5.6%) and showed strong associations with higher tumor grades (P < 0.013), right-sided tumors (P < 0.002), and rectal cancer. There was no association with age, tumor stage, and lymph node status.
-
As global migration rises, dental professionals must be prepared to treat refugee communities' particular oral health needs, emphasizing the need of education and training in readiness to treat these underserved groups. ⋯ The DPH field study course positively influenced students' knowledge, experience, and willingness to provide care for refugee patients. Moreover, volunteering to participate in oral health care programs was positively correlated with a professional satisfaction and female gender. Further research involving a larger and more diverse group of students from different faculties is recommended to validate these findings.
-
The middle meningeal artery (MMA) is the leading supplier of the cranial dura and serves as a donor blood channel in craniotomy and cerebrovascular bypass procedures. However, the complex embryology of the MMA and population differences give rise to several anatomic variations that are of great importance in head injuries pertaining to the petrous and squamous parts of the temporal bone. Similarly, care must be taken to protect the artery during surgical operations that involve the maxillary artery and the vidian nerve. ⋯ The longer PB and the larger angle of the MMA in males could be attributed to why there is a high incidence of chronic subdural hematomas and MMA aneurysms in males. The current study is the first to propose a possible explanation for the aforementioned findings with regard to the organization of the MMA.