Pak J Med Sci
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To determine the frequency and associated risk factors of urinary incontinence (UI), and its effect on the quality of life (QOL) of pregnant Pakistani women. ⋯ UI is a common problem in pregnant women in Pakistan. It affects sexual functions the most, with a severe impact on the QOL, however, it commonly remains unreported. Thus the health care providers need to enquire all pregnant women on this issue, especially those at risk, and educate them on the available management options.
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Regular assessment of the Learning Environment (LE) of health professions education institutions is important for their continuous improvement and to keep the students motivated. Pakistan Medical & Dental Council (PM&DC) applies uniform standards of quality in all public and private sector medical colleges of the country. However, the learning environment of these colleges might be different due to differences in their geographic location, structure, utilization of resources, and modus operandi. This study was conducted to measure the learning environment in selected public and private sector medical colleges in the city of Lahore, Pakistan, using a pre validated instrument (Jhon Hopkins Learning Environment Scale). ⋯ JHLES a relatively simpler tool (28 items) than DREEM, can be used effectively in the context of Pakistani environment to measure the LE in medical colleges. Both, public and private sector colleges had high overall JHLES mean scores, with public sector colleges having a significantly higher score than private-sector colleges.
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Y chromosome abnormalities are common in male patients with severe oligo-azoospermia. In studies with karyotype analysis and cytogenetic methods, the importance of the Y chromosome in spermatogenesis has been well understood. Deletions in the azoospermia factor (AZF) localized at the distal end of the Y chromosome adversely affect the spermatogenesis process. Our objective was to determine the frequency of AZF microdeletion in azoospermia patients who underwent microTESE. ⋯ Poor sperm quality in AZF microdeletion patients complicates the selection of appropriate sperm for ICSI. Therefore, it leads to a decrease in embryonic development, fertilization and pregnancy results. In order to select the best sperm for the use in ICSI procedure in this patient population, intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) method can be preferred to improve the cycle outcomes.