Pak J Med Sci
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The use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) is increasing rapidly. However, its discoloring effect on dental restorations is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ENDS aerosol when compared to conventional cigarette smoke (CS) on the color stability of dental ceramic (DC) and resin composite (RC). ⋯ Aerosol from Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) showed similar discoloration levels as cigarette smoking (CS). The level of discoloration for ceramic samples for both ENDS and CS was below clinically perceptible levels (Mean ΔE < 2.5). Discoloration of composite resin due to CS and ENDS was visually perceptible (Mean ΔE > 4.0).
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To assess maternal and fetal morbidity associated with placenta previa and morbidly adherent placenta (MAP). ⋯ MAP is a dreadful complication of placenta previa with increased maternal morbidity. Regular antenatal care with adequate arrangement of blood transfusion and multidisciplinary approach can reduce maternal mortality.
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To study the depression among medical and engineering students of different medical and engineering colleges in Karachi, Pakistan. ⋯ In the present study, rate of depression was higher in engineering students as compared to medical students. It is recommended in future that qualitative studies of the causes of depression reducing interventions need to be encouraged in professional program, especially in engineering students.
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Parathormone (PTH) and serum Vitamin D3 (VD3) share a complex interplay where increased VD3 leads to a negative response on parathormone level. Our objective was to determine the correlation of parathormone (PTH) and Vitamin D3 (VD3) levels in nursing mothers and infants 1-6 months' age from South Punjab, Pakistan. ⋯ Our study affirms that the customary negative correlation between VD3 and parathormone levels does not exist.
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To determine the motivational factors of medical students for selecting medical career as a profession. ⋯ Major motivation behind selecting medical field was prestigious profession followed by altruism. By understanding medical students' motivational factors for pursuing medical field we would be able to analyze the future trend of professionals.