Pak J Med Sci
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Psycho-education of carers is a part of good mental health practice. Our objective was to translate and validate the English questionnaire "Assessment of Psycho-Education of Carers" (APEC) into Urdu (APEC-U), for use in Pakistan. ⋯ The Urdu questionnaire can adequately assess psycho-education of carers in psychiatric settings.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex neurodevelopmental condition described by impairments in three main behavioral areas: social deficits, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors. Despite many years of vast study, the causes of ASD are still unknown. ⋯ The literature search was done using PubMed and Google Scholar databases up to October 2018. Key words "Environmental Pollution", "Nutritional Factors", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Autism Spectrum Disorder" were selected.
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To determine the effects of repetitive ipsilateral rotation on low back pain among the taxi drivers of right and left hand drive. ⋯ Static or less dynamic muscles are more prone to LBP due to lower endurance. Lack of exercising habit, work as a driver for more number of years, driving within city, more driving hours in a day, forward bending, lifting, no seat comfort, lack of awareness regarding ergonomics and lower satisfaction level of job were the main reasons of LBP.
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This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the relationship between fatigue, and sleep quality, pain and depression in patients with knee osteoarthritis. ⋯ The participants with knee osteoarthritis suffered fatigue more than did the healthy participants. This fatigue suffered by them affected their sleep quality, pain and depression negatively.
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Medications are generally administered by either the enteric or parenteral route. With parenteral administration, intramuscular (IM) is the preferred approach because it increases the bioavailability of the drug, acts more quickly than the enteric route. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of true dorsogluteal intramuscular drug injection and to determine the causes for application failures in practice by ultrasonography (US). ⋯ SAT thickness values are important if IM drug injection is to be administered correctly. Unsuccessful IM injections may be seen even in patients with appropriate SAT thicknesses.