Presse Med
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Consensual and precise definitions. Sepsis is composed of a suspected or documented infection associated with at least 2 SIRS criteria (systemic inflammatory response syndrome). Severe sepsis is sepsis with arterial hypotension and failure of one or several organs following the reduction in tIssue perfusion. ⋯ Any situation enhancing immunodepression is a risk factor for sepsis. Factors of virulence of the micro-organisms also intervene and, in cases of fungal infection, inherent risk factors. Genetic susceptibility probably intervenes, genetic variability playing either a protective or a deleterious role (the interest of Toll-like receptors).
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Regarding the definition. Severe sepsis associates an explosive inflammatory reaction and organ failure. It is secondary to bacterial, fungal or viral infection. ⋯ The endothelium plays a key part in the onset of vascular insufficiency during sepsis due to abnormalities in vasomotricity and thrombomodulation. The anticoagulant regulating system is perturbed; there is a decrease in protein C with inactivation of its active form, which has pro-fibrinolytic properties, and a decrease in antithrombin III. Regarding myocardial dysfunction During septic shock there is often severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, sometimes also involving the right ventricle, largely under-diagnosed despite its severe prognosis, and associated with reduced or even collapsed heart rate.
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An emergency. When treating a patient, relief of any acute pain is a priority. Such pain should be treated as an emergency, rapidly and effectively. ⋯ Via intramuscular injection The delay before action is of around 10 to 20 minutes and lasts for around 6 hours. The advantages of intramuscular nefopam are its analgesic capacity, its simplicity of use and its tolerance. The indications In ambulatory patients, Acupan is administered during acute arthritic pain, post-trauma and dental pain, renal colic, extremely severe migraine and headaches, dysmenorrhoea, and intense spasmodic colic.
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The 3 poles of treatment. These are the hemodynamic management, early antibiotherapy and more specific treatments, based on improved physiopathological knowledge. From a hemodynamic point of view The first stage must always be to detect and correct the hypovolemia. ⋯ Treatments based on the physiopathology The activated protein C possesses pro-fibrinolytic, anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties; it obtained marketing Authorization in Europe for patients with severe sepsis and at least 2 organ failures or hypotension. Low-dose corticosteroids should be prescribed in the case of septic shock with prolonged use of catecholamines, and if possible following a test with Synacthène(R) (relative adrenal insufficiency). Intensive insulin therapy is aimed at maintaining normal glycemia in the patients for as long as possible.