Presse Med
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The pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has markedly evolved in the last two decades. Classical antidiabetic agents (sulphonylureas, metformin, insulin) are now in competition with new glucose-lowering medications. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones (glitazones) were not able to replace older agents, because of insufficient efficacy and/or poor tolerability/safety. ⋯ More recently sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is or gliflozins, oral agents) also showed cardiovascular protection, especially a reduction in hospitalization for heart failure, as well as a renal protection in patients with and without T2DM, at high cardiovascular risk, with established heart failure and/or with chronic kidney disease. Thus, GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is are now considered as preferred drugs in T2DM patients with or at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease whereas SGLT2is are more specifically recommended in patients with or at risk of heart failure and renal (albuminuric) disease. The management of T2DM is moving from a glucocentric approach to a broader strategy focusing on all risk factors, including overweight/obesity, and to an organ-disease targeted personalized approach.
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Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk for end-stage renal disease and heart failure, contributing to premature death. All these 3 events are inter-related, suggesting common risk factors and/or pathophysiological pathways. The SURDIAGENE (SUrvie Rénale DIAbète et GENEtique) cohort is a single center hospital-based cohort of persons living with type 2 diabetes, recruiting participants at Poitiers university hospital, France, from 2002 to 2011 with further follow-up till 2015. ⋯ Interestingly, the incidence of renal event was lower than the incidence of all-cause death in all KDIGO stages, at variance with the data from recent renal outcome trials on SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone. We conclude that KDIGO stages should be considered for renal but also for HFH risk classification. The analysis of the respective incidence of renal events and deaths in observational studies and RCTs deserves further evaluation in type 2 diabetes.
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Lower-limb peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is a common manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, resulting from a partial or complete obstruction of at least one lower-limb arteries. PAD is a major endemic disease with an excess risk of major cardiovascular events and death. It also leads to disability, high rates of lower-limb adverse events and non-traumatic amputation. ⋯ Several advances have been achieved in endovascular and surgical revascularization procedures, with obvious improvement in PAD prognosis. Further studies are required to increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of PAD and to evaluate the interest of different therapeutic strategies in the occurrence and progression of PAD in patients with diabetes. Here, we present a narrative and contemporary review to synthesize the key epidemiology findings, screening and diagnosis methods, and major therapeutic advances regarding PAD in patients with diabetes.
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Adequate blood glucose and blood pressure control is paramount for the prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review article summarises the important advances in blood glucose and blood pressure lowering from the last three decades, with a focus on the evidence from large scale randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses. ⋯ Novel therapies including the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) and the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have revolutionized the treatment of type 2 diabetes and highlighted the importance of approaches that deliver benefits beyond glucose or blood pressure lowering. This article provides an overview of contemporary management of T2D with an emphasis on tailoring treatment plans to the individual.