Prog Urol
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Open surgery for stones of the upper urinary tract has very few indications, failures or complications of other techniques, greater than 2cm stones, hard stones, anatomical abnormalities and complex stones. Open surgery for stone may be difficult and need specific tools. ⋯ The stone-free rate of open surgery is over 90%. The main complications are stenosis, fistula and infections.
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International recommendations about urolithiasis are summarized and illustrated by those elaborated by the urolithiasis committee of the French Urological Association.