British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
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Br J Obstet Gynaecol · May 1992
Intra-operative blood loss during elective lower segment caesarean section.
To measure intra-operative blood loss at elective lower segment caesarean section and to compare estimated with measured blood loss. ⋯ Blood loss at elective lower segment caesarean section was usually less than 500 ml and was estimated with reasonable accuracy. However, there was a tendency to under-estimate blood loss when the measured loss exceeded 600 ml.
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Br J Obstet Gynaecol · May 1992
The characteristics of the second stage of labour in 25,069 singleton deliveries in the North West Thames Health Region, 1988.
To define the contemporary characteristics of the second stage of labour in one Health Region. ⋯ In our study the duration of the second stage in women not using epidural analgesia was similar to previous findings, but in those using epidural analgesia, the duration of the second stage was longer than has been reported previously, possibly reflecting a more conservative approach to operative intervention. Survival analysis indicates that in multiparae not using epidural analgesia the likelihood of spontaneous vaginal delivery after 1 h in the second stage was low, but in those multiparae using epidural analgesia and in all nulliparae there was no clear cut-off point for expectation of spontaneous delivery in the near future; they continue to give birth at a steady rate over several hours. While maternal and fetal conditions are satisfactory, intervention should be based on the rate of progress rather than the elapsed time since full cervical dilatation.