Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine
-
Clinical staging can be defined as the attempt to determine the pathologic extent of cancer by clinical tests. Accurate preoperative assessment is essential for the appropriate selection of therapy and design of treatment for the individual patients with prostate cancer. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) was initially applied clinically in 1971. ⋯ More importantly, ultrasound guidance allows accurate sampling of prostatic tissue. However, the role of sonographic imaging itself in diagnosing of tumor extent remains uncertain. In this chapter we will assess critically the present role of ultrasound in staging prostate cancer based on currently available criteria.
-
The recovery of injured neurons in primely brain damage, neuroprotection to the secondary brain damage (such as brain edema, brain ischemia, free radicals, neuroexcitation and ICP elevation), activation of gene-tropic regeneration, and prevention of apobiosis are major targets on the management of severe brain injury. However, excess release of catecholamines (catecholamine surge) make a very difficult to control of cerebral hypoxia by changes of systemic blood circulations. ⋯ We developed new technique, cerebral hypothermia that control brain tissue temperature at 32-34 degrees C with more than 800 ml/min. oxygen delivery at acute stage. Combination therapy with these cerebral hypothermia and replacement of cerebral dopamine-pituitary hormone-estrogen was very successful to prevent of vegetation after severe brain injury.