British journal of addiction
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Excise taxes on alcohol and cigarettes imposed by the Federal government of the United States have been very stable since 1951. This paper summarizes research that shows that increased taxation, which results in higher prices, would discourage alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking. One striking finding is that a policy to raise the Federal excise tax on beer in line with the rate of inflation over the last three decades would cut motor vehicle fatalities of 18 to 20 year olds, many of which are alcohol-related, by about 15%, saving more than 1,000 lives per year. A second is that over 800,000 premature deaths in the cohort of Americans 12 years and older in 1984 would be averted if the Federal excise tax on cigarettes were restored to its real value in 1951.
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The changing pattern of consumption of alcoholic beverages in Ireland and the association between this and the trend in alcohol-related problems are examined. As a result of a relatively low price and high income elasticities of demand for alcoholic beverages, the high level of taxation of alcohol in Ireland has resulted in an exceptionally large proportion of income being devoted to purchasing them rather than to a fall in their consumption. ⋯ Further pressure to reduce the level of taxation is coming from the move to harmonize taxes across EC member states. The limitations of taxation policy as a means of controlling the consumption of demerit goods in a small economy are clearly illustrated by the Irish experience.
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This article shows the contribution of economics to debates about prevention policy. The arguments used by various pressure groups favouring or opposing more effective prevention policies need to be subject to critical scrutiny and empirical testing. ⋯ The supply side of the market in the form of the alcohol and tobacco industries is analysed using a structure-performance framework. Consideration is given to how firms might respond to prevention policies through, say, lobbying or shifting higher taxes to suppliers or by diversifying into new markets.
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After several decades absence, opium smoking has reappeared in the U. S. ⋯ In addition, the factors contributing to a fertile situation for opium addiction are presented. Finally, implications of these findings and remedial recommendations are suggested.