Przegla̧d lekarski
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Epidemiology of acquired valvular heart diseases has changed significantly over last decades. Degenerative aortic valve stenosis is the most common acquired valvular disease with high prevalence in elderly population. Another common disorder is ischemic mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial infarction. ⋯ Discussion about pregnancy should be a part of management of young women with valvular heart disease. Severe valve disorders should be corrected when planning pregnancy. The final management should always be based on collaborative decision made by the patient and health professionals.
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One of the frequently encountered problems in the statistical analysis of the data is the correct interpretation of the effects occurring under the influence of some kind of treatment used by the researcher or appearing without its share of action. In the first case we are dealing with an experimental study, in the second with the observational study. ⋯ In the case of an observational study, also called a retrospective study there are often additional factors that modify both assigned to the same groups as well as specific actions for the test results. The article presents an example of the cause of this phenomenon and selected methods of minimizing the mentioned influence.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
[Preemptive local anesthetic infiltration in hallux valgus one-day surgery].
The surgical treatment of hallux valgus deformity is connected with significant postoperative pain. Spinal and general anesthesia as well as peripheral blocks are successfully used in foot surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of local anesthetic infiltration before hallux valgus one-day surgery on postoperative pain and the need for analgesics. ⋯ Preemptive local anesthetic infiltration in one-day hallux valgus surgery significantly decreases postoperative pain. It is safe, efficient and allows fast discharge.
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Global use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; also called electronic cigarettes, e-cigarettes) has increased dramatically in recent years. However, due to the limited safety studies and growing concerns on the potential toxicity from long term use of ENDS, many national and international governments have employed regulatory measures to curtail its use. One of the most significant challenges regulators of ENDS encounter is the lack of quality standards to assess ENDS, e-liquid (solution used with ENDS which contain nicotine--a highly toxic and addictive substance), and amount of nicotine delivery to aerosol during ENDS use. ⋯ Our analysis showed the high consistency between the labeled and measured nicotine concentration for popular on the Polish market ENDS e-liquids. Also, our analysis demonstrates that the risk for nicotine overdose is likely minimal when ENDS are used in a similar manner as a combustible cigarette. However, due to the toxicity risk nicotine poses regulatory measures focused on safety and quality of e-liquids should continually be exercised.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Observational Study
[Assessment of chronic glucose metabolism disorders coexisting with respiratory failure in non-critical ill patients hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections].
Lungs are the target organ in chronic hyperglycemia, but its large reserves causes a subclinical course of these changes. Given the results of other researchers indicating reduced active surface of gas exchange and pulmonary capillary damage, it can be assumed that diabetes and other hyperglycemic states diminish these reserves and impair effectiveness of respiratory gas exchange during pneumonia. So it is plausible to observe coexistence of glucose metabolism disorders and respiratory failure in patients hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection. ⋯ There was a statistically significant negative correlation of the average blood glucose level and PaO2 in the control group (p = 0.0152) and a significant inverse association between the average blood glucose level and the partial pressure of oxygen in patients without COPD belonging to the control group (p = 0.049). Respiratory failure is frequent in patients hospitalized with pneumonia. In patients without chronic glucose metabolism disorders with blood glucose level rising the oxygen tension decreases The association is stronger in patients without COPD.