La Revue du praticien
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The virological diagnosis of viral hepatitis is based on the study of direct markers (viral antigens and genomes) and indirect markers (specific antibodies). The diagnosis of hepatitis B is based on the interpretation of antigen-antibody profiles and, for chronic hepatitis B, on HBV DNA detection. ⋯ HCV genotype determination is used to tailor the treatment schedule to the individual patient. Treatment efficacy is assessed by means of molecular techniques to prove progressive and definitive viral clearance.
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Comorbidity is very frequent in bipolar disorders. The most frequently psychiatric disorders associated with bipolar disorders are substance use disorders (particularly alcohol abuse) and anxiety disorders. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders, personality disorders and eating disorders co-occur also with bipolar disorder. ⋯ For every bipolar patient, it is necessary to search for a comorbid psychiatric disorder, and vice-versa. There is a noticeable paucity of controlled studies to guide selection of the most effective treatment approches for these patients. The expert consensus guidelines about treatment of bipolar disorder propose divalproex as first-line treatment when bipolar disorder co-occurres with substance abuse, panic disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder.