Frontiers in physiology
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Frontiers in physiology · Jan 2020
IL-1β Induced Cytokine Expression by Spinal Astrocytes Can Play a Role in the Maintenance of Chronic Inflammatory Pain.
It is now widely accepted that the glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are key players in many processes, especially when they are activated via neuron-glia or glia-glia interactions. In turn, many of the glia-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to central sensitization during inflammation or nerve injury-evoked pathological pain conditions. The prototype of pro-inflammatory cytokines is interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) which has widespread functions in inflammatory processes. ⋯ We also observed that the secretion of the three cytokines is mediated by the NFkB signaling pathway. Our data completes the picture of the IL-1β-triggered cytokine cascade in spinal astrocytes, which may lead to enhanced activation of the local cells (neurons and glia as well) and can lead to the prolonged maintenance of chronic pain. All these cytokines and the NFkB pathway can be possible targets of pain therapy.
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Frontiers in physiology · Jan 2020
Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Non-contact Early Airflow Limitation Screening System Using an Infrared Time-of-Flight Depth Image Sensor.
Obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) trigger a severe reaction at some situations. Detecting early airflow limitation caused by diseases above is critical to stop the progression. Thus, there is a need for tools to enable self-screening of early airflow limitation at home. ⋯ Leave-one-out cross-validation analysis revealed that this system provided 81% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Further, the FEV1 EAFL -SS values were closely correlated with that measured using a spirometer (r = 0.85, p < 0.0001). Hence, EAFL-SS appears promising for early airflow limitation screening at home.
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Sarcopenic obesity has been observed in people with neuromuscular impairment, and is linked to adverse health outcomes. It is unclear, however, if sarcopenic obesity develops in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). ⋯ Findings from this study suggest that people with FSHD, although similar in BMI and total body mass compared with controls, commonly meet the definition of sarcopenic obesity. Adults with co-existing FSHD and sarcopenic obesity may be at risk for significant impairments in quality of life, and encounter additional challenges in the management of FSHD manifestations.
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Frontiers in physiology · Jan 2020
Dynamic Arterial Elastance as a Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling Index: An Experimental Animal Study.
Dynamic arterial elastance (Eadyn), the ratio between arterial pulse pressure and stroke volume changes during respiration, has been postulated as an index of the coupling between the left ventricle (LV) and the arterial system. We aimed to confirm this hypothesis using the gold-standard for defining LV contractility, afterload, and evaluating ventricular-arterial (VA) coupling and LV efficiency during different loading and contractile experimental conditions. Twelve Yorkshire healthy female pigs submitted to three consecutive stages with two opposite interventions each: changes in afterload (phenylephrine/nitroprusside), preload (bleeding/fluid bolus), and contractility (esmolol/dobutamine). ⋯ Eadyn was inversely related to VA coupling and directly to LVeff. The higher the Eadyn, the higher the LVeff and the lower the VA coupling. Thus, Eadyn, an easily measured parameter at the bedside, may be of clinical relevance for hemodynamic assessment of the unstable patient.
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Frontiers in physiology · Jan 2020
Hidden Microatelectases Increase Vulnerability to Ventilation-Induced Lung Injury.
Mechanical ventilation of lungs suffering from microatelectases may trigger the development of acute lung injury (ALI). Direct lung injury by bleomycin results in surfactant dysfunction and microatelectases at day 1 while tissue elastance and oxygenation remain normal. Computational simulations of alveolar micromechanics 1-day post-bleomycin predict persisting microatelectases throughout the respiratory cycle and increased alveolar strain during low positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation. ⋯ At the electron microscopic level, the largest surface area of injured alveolar epithelial was observed in bleomycin-challenged lungs after PEEP = 1 cmH2O ventilation. After bleomycin treatment cellular markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (p-Perk and p-EIF-2α) were positive within the septal wall and ventilation with PEEP = 1 cmH2O ventilation increased the surface area stained positively for p-EIF-2α. In conclusion, hidden microatelectases are linked with an increased pulmonary vulnerability for mechanical ventilation characterized by an aggravation of epithelial injury.