Missouri medicine
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In the U. S., there is a growing percentage of chronic pain patients requiring surgery. ⋯ Peri-surgical pain management often requires continuation of previously prescribed chronic pain modalities and careful selection of multimodal acute pain interventions. This article will provide a broad overview of chronic pain, definitions, and current recommendations for the treatment of perioperative pain in patients maintained on opioid therapy.
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Translational medicine drives progress of research along the continuum from basic biomedical research findings into clinical practice. Animal models play a central role in the above continuum. The recent explosion in molecular biology and generation of human physiological system in animals has led to an increasing use of in vivo animal models in today's translational medicine.