Handbook of clinical neurology
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Circadian organization of physiology and behavior is an important biologic process that allows organisms to anticipate and prepare for predictable changes in the environment. Circadian disruptions are associated with a wide range of health issues. In patients with neurodegenerative diseases, alterations of circadian rhythms are among the most common and debilitating symptoms. ⋯ Recent studies have examined the neuropathologic status of the different neural components of the circuitry governing the generation of circadian rhythms in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will dissect the potential contribution of dysfunctions in the different nodes of this circuitry to circadian alterations in patients with parkinsonism-linked neurodegenerative diseases (namely, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy). A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will provide not only a better understanding of disease neuropathophysiology but also holds promise for the development of more effective and mechanisms-based therapies.
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Cardiac arrest is a catastrophic event with high morbidity and mortality. Despite advances over time in cardiac arrest management and postresuscitation care, the neurologic consequences of cardiac arrest are frequently devastating to patients and their families. ⋯ An early and accurate estimate of the potential for recovery can establish realistic expectations and avoid futile care in those destined for a poor outcome. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, therapeutic interventions, prognostication, and neurologic sequelae of cardiac arrest.
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The dura mater is the major gateway for accessing most extra-axial lesions and all intra-axial lesions of the central nervous system. It provides a protective barrier against external trauma, infections, and the spread of malignant cells. Knowledge of the anatomical details of dural reflections around various corners of the skull bases provides the neurosurgeon with confidence during transdural approaches. ⋯ The same concept is applicable to arachnoid folds and reflections during intradural excursions to expose intra- and extra-axial lesions of the brain. Without a detailed understanding of arachnoid membranes and cisterns, the neurosurgeon cannot confidently navigate the deep corridors of the skull base while safely protecting neurovascular structures. This chapter covers the surgical anatomy of dural and arachnoid reflections applicable to microneurosurgical approaches to various regions of the skull base.
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More than one-third of patients with meningiomas will experience seizures at some point in their disease. Despite this, meningioma-associated epilepsy remains significantly understudied, as most investigations focus on tumor progression, extent of resection, and survival. Due to the impact of epilepsy on the patient's quality of life, identifying predictors of preoperative seizures and postoperative seizure freedom is critical. ⋯ Both pre- and postoperative meningioma-related seizures are often responsive to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), although AED prophylaxis in the absence of seizures is not recommended. AED selection is based on current guidelines for treating focal seizures with additional considerations including efficacy in tumor-related epilepsy, toxicities, and potential drug-drug interactions. Continued investigation into medical and surgical strategies for preventing and alleviating epilepsy in meningioma is warranted.
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Tinnitus is the sensation of hearing a sound with no external auditory stimulus present. It is a public health issue correlated with multiple comorbidities and precipitating factors such as noise exposure, military service, and traumatic brain injury, migraine, insomnia, small vessel disease, smoking history, stress exposure, anxiety, depression, and socioeconomic status. ⋯ Forward management of this disorder should take this body of research into consideration as tinnitus remains a challenging condition to evaluate and treat with current management protocols still symptomatic at best. With a better understanding of the etiologic factors and comorbidities of tinnitus, additional research trials and new therapeutic approaches could see the light to tackle this public health disability bringing hope to patients and doctors.