The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery
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In a small proportion of patients presenting with metastases to cervical lymph nodes the primary cancer remains occult despite thorough evaluation. The present report examines patterns of failure and outcome following an initial treatment strategy directed principally at the clinically involved side of the neck. ⋯ Despite generally advanced disease at presentation, patients presenting with cervical metastasis from an unknown primary carcinoma have a reasonable survival expectation and aggressive treatment is warranted, but approximately half will develop recurrent disease. Careful follow-up is required if effective salvage treatment is to be instituted.
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Large bowel volvulus is extremely uncommon in children. The probable pathogenesis, predisposing factors and management of large bowel volvulus in children are debatable. ⋯ Large bowel volvulus in children may be due to congenital anomalous or absent ligamentous fixation of the large bowel, and abnormal mesocolon or a common ileocolo-mesentery. Large bowel obstruction due to volvulus must be considered in the differential diagnosis in a child presenting with constipation associated with bloody mucoid discharge per rectum. Resection of the involved segment and primary anastomosis is the definitive treatment for large bowel volvulus in children.
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Health care in Papua New Guinea (PNG) throughout the 20th century has been characterized by a significant shortage of medical practitioners and surgical expertise. A number of initiatives within the country and from outside have sought to address these deficiencies of numbers and quality. The present paper seeks to review the development of surgery and surgical training in PNG. ⋯ Surgical expertise has progressively improved throughout the 20th century with the most major advances being achieved in the last decade. Training programmes have provided an expanding core of expertise of considerable quality, but the numbers of doctors and surgeons remain well below requirements.