Ultrasound in medicine & biology
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Ultrasound Med Biol · Sep 2013
Clinical TrialUltrasonographic reference sizes of the median and ulnar nerves and the cervical nerve roots in healthy Japanese adults.
The objective of this study was to identify, for practical use, ultrasonographic reference values for nerve sizes at multiple sites, including entrapment and non-entrapment sites along the median and ulnar nerves and among the cervical nerve roots. We verified reliable sites and site-based differences between the reference values. In addition, we found associations between the reference nerve sizes and several physical characteristics (gender, dominant hand, age, height, weight, body mass index [BMI] and wrist circumference). ⋯ Site-based differences in nerve size were determined using one-way analyses of variance (p < 0.001). Intra- and inter-observer reliability was highest for the median nerve, at both the distal wrist crease and mid-humerus; at the arterial split along the ulnar nerve; and at the fifth cervical nerve root level. No systematic error was indicated by Bland-Altman analysis; the coefficients of variation were 5.5%-9.2% for intra-observer reliability and 7.1%-8.7% for inter-observer reliability.
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Ultrasound Med Biol · Sep 2013
Doppler flow velocity and intra-cranial pressure: responses to short-term mild hypocapnia help to assess the pressure-volume relationship after head injury.
To anticipate an increase in intra-cranial pressure (ICP), information about pressure-volume (p/v) compliance is required. ICP monitoring often fails at this task after head injury. Could a test that transiently shifts intra-cranial blood volume produce consistent information about the p/v relationship? Doppler flow velocities in the middle cerebral arteries (left: 80.8 ± 34.7 cm/s; right: 65.9 ± 28.0 cm/s) and ICP (16.4 ± 6.7 mm Hg) were measured in 29 patients with head injury, before and during moderate hypocapnia (4.4 ± 3.0 kPa). ⋯ Additionally, the ratio identified 12 patients deviating from the classic non-linear p/v curve (left: 5.7 ± 1.3, right: 5.8 ± 1.0 cm/s/kPa/mm Hg). They exhibited an almost proportional relationship between vasomotor and ICP responses (R = 0.69, p < 0.01). Results suggest that a test that combines the responses of two intra-cranial compartments may provide consistent information about intra-cranial p/v compliance, even if the parameters derived from ICP monitoring are inconclusive.