American journal of diseases of children (1960)
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To investigate the possibility that there might be an increased risk of heterologous invasive bacterial disease after routine childhood immunization with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine live; diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine; and oral poliovirus vaccine live, a case-control study was conducted within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California pediatric population. Contrary to the premise, an apparent protective effect against invasive bacterial disease was detected after all childhood vaccinations. However, when adjustment was made for frequency of well-care visits and day-care attendance, no significant relationship was seen between receipt of routine childhood immunizations and risk of invasive heterologous bacterial disease for any individual vaccine, although a statistically significant protective effect was detected within 1 or 3 months after the receipt of any vaccine. Since a decreased risk of invasive bacterial disease was also noted to be related to the receipt of routine well-child pediatric care, other preventive health care measures may be responsible for the apparent immunization protective effect.
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This report describes and evaluates a 42-station objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) administered to 29 pediatric residents and six medical students. In half of the stations, residents spent 5 minutes performing a clearly defined clinical task while being rated by an observer. In the other half of the stations, they answered questions based on the data just gathered. ⋯ Residents uniformly agreed that the OSCE measured important clinical objectives attesting to its content validity. Reliability for the OSCE was calculated at the 0.8 to 0.83 range. It is concluded that valid and reliable clinical examinations in pediatrics are feasible, practical, and highly desirable.