Vnitr̆ní lékar̆ství
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Cardiovascular disease is still the most common cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Some prospective studies have produced unexpected results in connection with the requirements for the demonstration of cardiovascular safety of new antidiabetics, which have significantly expanded the treatment options for diabetes over the past 20 years. Although these studies were statistically designed to exclude excessive cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes, some drugs have shown not only cardiovascular safety but also significant cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects in these studies. ⋯ The revolutionary benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors are now perceived not only by diabetologists, but also by cardiologists and nephrologists. In European Society of Cardiology clinical guidelines, gliflozins even endanger the still unshakable position of metformin as the first line of antidiabetic therapy in patients with very high cardiovascular risk. Their indication should be today considered in all patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, cardiac and renal failure regardless of diabetes control because they can reduce cardiovascular risk, risk of hospitalizations for heart failure and preserve glomerular filtration rate.
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Takotsubo or broken heart syndrome represents a rare type of cardiomyopathy, often imitating acute myocardial infarction. It is a sudden transient cardiac syndrome that typically involves left ventricular apical akinesis with preserved motility of basal heart segments. In contrast to acute myocardial infarction, the pathology is fully reversible in the majority of patients. ⋯ Coronary angiography revealed significant stenosis on the left anterior descending coronary artery, but ventriculography disclosed apical dysfunction and clinical course of the disease result in the diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Until recently, normal or nonobstructive coronary angiography represented one of the mean diagnostic features of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. In 2018, new diagnostic criteria were introduced, importantly modifying our approach to the Takotsubo diagnostics with omitting a coronary lesion as an exclusion criterium of the Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.