Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
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The quality of chest compression affects survival after sudden cardiac arrest, particularly when it occurs out of hospital. Pharmacy students should acquire basic life support skills as part of the model core curriculum of pharmacy education. Here, we trained first-year students at the Faculty of Pharmacy to deliver cardiopulmonary resuscitation and used a manikin with a real-time feedback device that quantified chest compression skills. ⋯ However, correct compression rate (%), the percentage of maintaining 100-120 compression/min was significantly higher in the SR, than in the RR group. Chest compression rates correlated with compression depth, and chest compression tended to be too shallow in group that was too fast. The quality of chest compression might be improved by delivering chest compressions at a constant rate within the recommended range.
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The rapid increase in the use of ethical generic pharmaceutical formulations in Japan emphasizes the importance of measures to ensure the quality of pharmaceutical distribution. This short review discusses the contributions of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) to pharmaceutical quality control. ⋯ Some new methods of characterizing the structure and performance of nonbiological complex drugs have been included in recent editions. An introduction to general tests and general information regarding the control of impurities in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines should significantly reduce the safety risks of pharmaceuticals.
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Dysesthesia is an unpleasant abnormal sensation, often accompanied by pain, paresthesia (abnormal sensation), and numbness (decrease or loss of sensation). Dysesthesia has been associated with various conditions, although its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This study assessed the roles of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in dysesthesia by utilizing three animal models of dysesthesia characterized by reductions in blood flow to the skin: a transient hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion model, characterized by spontaneous licking and tactile hypoesthesia of the ischemic hindpaw; a streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy model in mice, characterized by cold hypersensitivity, which is likely parallel to the reduced skin blood flow of the hindpaw; and a hindlimb ischemia model. ⋯ Consistent with these results, the nocifensive behaviors induced by intraplantar injection of a TRPA1 agonist were enhanced in the diabetic neuropathy and hindlimb ischemia models. Hypoxia enhanced H2O2-induced TRPA1 responses in human TRPA1-expressing cells and cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons, with this hypoxia-induced TRPA1 sensitization to H2O2 being associated with hypoxia-induced inhibition of the hydroxylation of prolyl hydroxylases. These results suggest that dysesthesia following blood flow reduction is caused by the activation of TRPA1 sensitized by hypoxia and that hypoxia-induced TRPA1 sensitization plays a pivotal role in painful dysesthesia induced by peripheral blood flow reduction.
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The "Choosing Wisely" campaign is an activity to promote conversations between patients and doctors about unnecessary examinations, treatments, or procedures. A "Top five list" published by a number of specialty societies consists of five evidence-based recommendations in their own fields. ⋯ The purpose of this campaign is not only to publish recommendations to reduce waste in health care resources but also to disseminate and implement the recommendations contents. To put them into practice, it is necessary to think about interprofessional and interdisciplinary approaches.
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The number of patients with chronic liver diseases is expected to decline due to progress in antivirus therapy, including direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C and nucleot(s)ide analogues for hepatitis B. On the other hand, the number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) in the setting of metabolic syndrome has been increasing worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises in the setting of chronic hepatic inflammation and liver cirrhosis associated with NAFLD/NASH. ⋯ A number of new drugs for NAFLD/NASH patients have been under trial. Additional larger-scale studies are required to elucidate fully the clinical and basic landscape of NAFLD-HCC. This paper gives an overview of NAFLD/NASH management based on the most recent findings.