Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
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The hazardous effects due to the insoluble microparticles generated in the injections have been pointed out. To our knowledge, however, there have been no reports about insoluble microparticulate contamination at ampoule opening. ⋯ We observed that the glass particulate contamination of accumulation value at a size over 2 mum increased significantly after 60 seconds, the swabbing the neck of the ampoule prior to opening had a negative effect on prevention of glass particulate contamination, the glass particulate contamination was positively influenced by the inner-diameter size of the ampoule, but not by the thickness of the ampoule walls, the particulate contamination derived from glass significantly increased by general method as well as using ampoule open adaptor compared with our method, and the insoluble microparticulate contamination in plastic ampoule was significantly lower than that in glass ampoule. The present findings might provide an useful information to reduce glass particules after ampoule opening performed in clinical practice.
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Beta-lactam antibiotics are used for the treatment of various infections such as intra-abdominal infections and bacterial meningitis. Beta-lactams act at the infection site and their antibacterial effects relate to the exposure time during which the drug concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration for bacteria (T>MIC). ⋯ We therefore examined the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams at the target sites, and analyzed them using a population pharmacokinetic modeling and statistical technique called Monte Carlo simulation. This review summarizes our recent findings on carbapenem and cephem antibiotics in peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids, and our new approaches to personalize and optimize beta-lactam dosing regimens based on their site-specific pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiles.
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Busulfex is a new type of busulfan which can be administered intravenously. Usually it is administered over 2 hours every 6 hours. Its injection should be finished within 8 hours after mixture with a saline, which may bring some troublesome in clinical practice. ⋯ Then, the transparency of this solution was studied with spectroscopy and the concentration of busulfan was analyzed directly by HPLC. Busulfan solution stored in non-colored injection syringe at 4 degrees C was stable for up to 96 hours both physically and chemically. We concluded that prefilled-syringe method is ease and safe way to administer Busulfex on scheduled time.
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The aim of this study was to document the effect of tramadol as an opioid on individual fibers of rat sciatic nerve. To accomplish this objective, compound action potentials (CAPs) were recorded from isolated nerves treated with tramadol from five different concentration levels. Then recorded CAPs and the control group were analyzed by numerical methods namely Conduction Velocity Distribution (CVD) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). ⋯ The decrement in percentage relative contribution of these conduction velocity groups starts with a concentration of 0.25 mM tramadol, especially in the subgroup named FAST. The power spectrum shifts from higher frequency region to lower frequency region as the tramadol concentration increases. These findings show that fast conducting fibers are more susceptible to tramadol than medium and moderate groups and tramadol possibly acts on channel activity rather than passive properties (such as space and time constant) of nerve fibers.
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In Japan, the initial dose of 2.5 mg/3 d is recommended in the package insert of the fentanyl patch preparation to substitute for oral morphine in the dose range of 45-135 mg/d (90 mg/d at the midpoint), while a higher dose is recommended in other countries. To validate the recommended dose of this drug in Japan, we investigated how long the initial recommended dose of the fentanyl patch could control the pain of cancer patients after the switch from other opioids. The dose of the fentanyl patch was increased on the 20th day after the switch from prior opioids at a lower dose than the midpoint of the indicated range, while it was increased on the 3rd day after the switch from the higher dose of prior opioids. Regression analysis showed that the efficacy ratio of the fentanyl patch : oral morphine=80 : 1, suggesting that oral morphine of 25-75 mg/d should be substituted for by the fentanyl patch preparation at a dose of 2.5 mg/3 d.