Gigiena i sanitariia
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The existing methodic approaches to analyzing a noncarcinogenic risk fail to fully solve the tasks set within the basic lines of the activities of the Russian Agency for Consumer Surveillance since there are limited capacities of the quantitative assessment of a noncarcinogenic risk to human health. An algorithm is proposed for basing the indicators assessing a noncarcinogenic risk to human health, which assumes to determine exposure or an exposure marker for a cohort to be examined, to define a response to human health exposure, to construct mathematical "exposure (an exposure marker)-response" models, to determine the ineffective levels exposure for each type of a response, to make the piecewise-linear approximation of a model, and to calculate a slope factor for each linearized interval of an exposure-response model. Application of the proposed methodic approaches makes it possible, provided that the estimation of the cost of risk units, to assess the economic loss risk associated with the pollution of environmental objects, including a preventable risk, and to calculate the indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency of the activities of the bodies and organizations of the Russian Agency for Consumer Surveillance in reducing the risk to the population's health.
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The paper provides data on the assessment of a carcinogenic risk to the population of Bratsk, a large industrial center. Long-term ambient air pollution with 3,4-benz(a)pyrene, formaldehyde, chromium, and other impurities causes the inadmissible level of a risk that has some differences for dwellers in some districts of the town. Clinical and immunological studies of an apparently healthy population revealed the tension of defensive immune mechanisms in the residents who were more exposed to pollution. Comparison of the level of breast cancer oncomarkers, neurospecific enolase in the sera of populations in the differently carcinogenic areas enables the level of man-made exposure to be considered as a significant risk factor.
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Gigiena i sanitariia · Nov 2008
[The plenary session "Methodological Problems in the Study and Assessment of Bio- and Nanotechnologies (Nanowaves, Particles, Structures, Processes, Bioobjects) in Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene" of the Research Council on Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, and the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation].
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Gigiena i sanitariia · Nov 2008
[Biological markers of interenvironmental distribution of trace elements in the environmental objects].
Priority trace elements were identified in the environmental objects, such as drinking water, atmosphere of residential areas (by their levels in the snow cover), soil, and foodstuffs. The identification of trace elements in the environmental objects revealed various total loads and distribution of trace elements in the study environments of urban and rural areas, which might be largely determined by the degree of interenvironmental transition and the routes of their migration. ⋯ Examination of the trace element status of children's hairs and its comparison with the content of trace elements in the environmental objects allowed an association to be determined between the qualitative and quantitative trace element composition of portable water, soil, snow cover, foodstuffs, and the body's biological media. Summing up the findings leads to a conclusion about the origin of trace element pollutions and the possible routes of their entry into the body and allows consideration of the trace elements Zn, Mn, and Ni as markers of biological exposure of the environment while making a sociohygienic monitoring and assessing the risk to human health.