Thorax
-
Mucociliary clearance is impaired in patients with Young's syndrome (obstructive azoospermia with recurrent sinobronchial disease), cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. No defect of cilia or mucus has been detected in Young's syndrome. ⋯ The relative disorientation of the distal ciliary axoneme in patients with Young's syndrome compared with normal subjects may be due to a structural defect but is more likely to be a consequence of abnormal mucus.