The Journal of the Florida Medical Association
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In summary, opioid use for chronic non-malignant pain is justified in a select group of patients who do not respond to a variety of other pain treatment modalities. Proper trials of the analgesics given "by the clock" in appropriate dosages with attention to potential side effects and proper documentation is important. ⋯ Undertreatment for fear of addiction or legal consequences should be avoided. Specialized pain clinics may be utilized for consultation regarding the long-term use of opioids or for more advanced pain management strategies, possibly including the use of intraspinal opioid delivery systems.