AACN clinical issues in critical care nursing
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Traumatic injury results in major physiologic alterations that begin at the time of injury and persist until recovery is complete. The response of the body is divided into two phases--the acute phase and the flow phase. The acute phase is characterized by shock with changes in hormone concentration. ⋯ Tissues with the highest oxygen consumption are more susceptible to injury and death. Cellular function does not depend on oxygen alone but also on the ability of the cells to use available oxygen. If the body is unable to compensate through biochemical, hormonal, and metabolic activities, an irreversible state results unless appropriate interventions are instituted promptly.
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Inhalation injuries comprise three distinct clinical entities that may be classified according to the time of onset of symptoms, etiologic agents, and the anatomic location of injury. These entities are carbon monoxide toxicity, upper airway obstruction, and smoke inhalation or chemical injury. ⋯ Early aggressive treatment, including maintaining a patent airway, administering humidified oxygen and bronchodilators, and providing pulmonary toilet, is necessary to ensure the best possible outcome. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical management, and nursing implications of inhalation injuries can improve patient survival.